本文转自《IOGP》发表的题为“CCS:  its time has come”的报道。

作者：François-Régis Mouton, IOGP EU Affairs Director

原文链接：https://www.iogp.org/blog/benefits-of-oil-and-gas/opinions/ccs-time-has-come/

The oil & gas industry originally developed many of the techniques integral to carbon capture and storage (CCS) – and we have used them for decades. More recently, through several pilot programmes, we have demonstrated how CCS can also become an important factor in the world’s sustainable energy future. 

石油和天然气行业最初开发了许多碳捕集与封存（CCS）不可或缺的技术 - 我们已经使用了几十年。 最近，通过几个试点项目，我们已经证明了CCS如何成为世界可持续能源未来的重要因素。

Since the Paris Agreement, it has become clear that all sectors of the economy, including the oil and gas industry, will have will have to be involved in creating a lower carbon emissions future.  The  UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC),  for example,  sees CCS as a key technology to deliver the negative emissions required in 101 out of 116 possible scenarios limiting global warming to well below 2 degrees C1. Likewise, the International Energy Agency (IEA)  assigns an important role to CCS (ranking it third behind energy efficiency and renewables) in its projections for greenhouse gas mitigation.

自“巴黎协定”以来，很明显包括石油和天然气工业在内的所有经济部门都必须参与创造更低碳排放的未来。 例如，联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）将CCS视为一种关键技术，可以在116种可能的情景中提供101种所需的负排放，将全球变暖限制在2摄氏度以下。 同样，国际能源署（IEA）在其温室气体减排预测中为CCS（在能效和可再生能源方面排名第三）中发挥了重要作用。

More than an oil & gas thing

不仅仅是石油和天然气

But CCS is about more than just “saving oil & gas”.  It is a technology that will become crucial for much  of the industrial sector, which makes up for around 20% of EU GHG emissions, a critical part of EU R&D, and millions of jobs. It’s therefore much more than climate policy – It should be part of the EU industrial policy.

但CCS不仅仅是“节约石油和天然气”。 对于大部分工业部门来说，这项技术将变得至关重要，工业部门占欧盟温室气体排放量的20％左右，是欧盟研发的关键部分，也是数百万个就业岗位。 因此，它不仅仅是气候政策 - 它应该是欧盟工业政策的一部分。

This is worth bearing in mind as European policymakers look at an ambitious Long Term Climate Strategy towards 2050, which will look at net-zero emissions.

值得注意的是，欧洲政策制定者将着眼于2050年的雄心勃勃的长期气候战略，该战略将考虑净零排放。

This effort will require an extra push into all sectors of the economy, including those that are difficult to decarbonise.  Many industries  create CO2 as a byproduct of their processes, not because they necessarily use carbon-intensive energy sources. For them, capturing and disposing of that CO2 may well be the only option to remain in a Europe that aims to be competitive in a net zero-emissions context.  Above all, we need to avoid an “industryxit”…

这项工作需要额外推动经济的所有部门，包括那些难以脱碳的部门。 许多行业将二氧化碳作为其工艺的副产品，而不是因为它们必然使用碳密集型能源。 对他们而言，捕获和处置二氧化碳可能是留在欧洲的唯一选择，欧洲的目标是在净零排放的环境下保持竞争力。 最重要的是，我们需要避免“行业新闻”......

While energy efficiency and switching from coal to gas will account for significant progress towards net zero emissions, in many cases, CCS will be a prerequisite. Without it, parts of the European industry would be obliged to move elsewhere.  That is why we need to get the fundamentals in place now.

虽然能源效率和从煤炭到天然气的转换将在净零排放方面取得重大进展，但在许多情况下，CCS将成为先决条件。 没有它，欧洲工业的一部分将不得不迁移到其他地方。 这就是我们现在需要掌握基本原则的原因。

Overview of existing and planned CCS facilities in Europe

欧洲现有和计划中的CCS设施概况

Building on experience

以经验为基础

Our sector has extensive experience with CO2 management, from capture and transport to safe storage. This expertise can benefit other industrial sectors through the broader process called carbon capture, use & storage (CCUS), applicable both pre-combustion and post-processing.

我们的行业在二氧化碳管理方面拥有丰富的经验，从捕获和运输到安全储存。 这种专业知识可以通过更广泛的碳捕获，使用和储存（CCUS）工艺使其他工业部门受益，该工艺既适用于燃烧前处理，也适用于燃烧后处理。

Post-processing solutions are those most familiar to policy-makers, with recent projects in the Netherlands and Norway.  In these projects, industrial installations (such as power plants, refineries, cement factories and chemical plants) need to dispose of CO2 inherent to the production process.  Once captured, this CO2 can be supplied to industrial users (contributing to the creation of a circular economy).  The remainder can be transported by pipeline (as in the Port of Rotterdam project)  or by ship (the Norwegian Northern Lights project) and then stored in depleted oil and gas fields in the North Sea.

燃烧后处理解决方案是政策制定者最熟悉的解决方案，最近在荷兰和挪威开展了项目。 在这些项目中，工业设施（如发电厂，炼油厂，水泥厂和化工厂）需要处理生产过程中固有的二氧化碳。 一旦被捕获，这种二氧化碳可以提供给工业用户（有助于创造循环经济）。 其余部分可以通过管道（如鹿特丹港项目）或船舶（挪威北极光项目）运输，然后储存在北海贫瘠的油气田中。

Less familiar are the pre-combustion techniques that strip carbon from natural gas by steam methane reforming, and turn the gas into ‘blue hydrogen’.  This can then serve as a feedstock or become an energy source for industrial users and households. Europe leads the way in this process, with promising projects in the UK and the Netherlands.

不太为人所知的是通过蒸汽甲烷重整从天然气中除去碳的预燃技术，并将气体转化为“蓝氢”。 这可以作为原料或成为工业用户和家庭的能源来源。 欧洲在这一过程中处于领先地位，在英国和荷兰都有很好的项目。

In the English city of Leeds, for example, there is a project to determine the feasability of converting existing natural gas infrastructure into a system suitable for hydrogen.  If successful, this concept could be applicable througout the UK.  In Manchester and Liverpool,  steam reforming of natural gas will produce hydrogen for use by car manufacturers, refineries and households in the area.  Any remaining CO2 is securely stored beneath the Irish Sea.

例如，在英国利兹市，有一个项目可以确定将现有天然气基础设施转换为适合氢气的系统的可行性。 如果成功，这个概念可能适用于英国。 在曼彻斯特和利物浦，天然气的蒸汽重整将生产氢气，供该地区的汽车制造商，炼油厂和家庭使用。 任何剩余的二氧化碳都安全地储存在爱尔兰海下。

In the Netherlands, on a smaller scale, our industry is working on the conversion of one of three Magnum gas power plant units at Eemshaven into a hydrogen-powered facility, with the hydrogen derived from natural gas.

在荷兰，规模较小，我们的行业正致力于将Eemshaven的三个Magnum燃气电厂中的一个转换为氢动力设施，其中氢气来自天然气。

Catching up

追赶

Such projects not only capture CO2 but also the attention of EU policy-makers!  They know the technology works, but they question the economics, infrastructure requirements.  In some countries, such as Germany, public acceptance of onshore carbon transport and storage is also an issue.

这些项目不仅吸收了二氧化碳，也吸引了欧盟政策制定者的关注！他们知道技术有效，但他们质疑经济学和基础设施要求。在一些国家，如德国，公众对陆上碳运输和储存的接受也是一个问题。

What is needed now is the same dedication to CCS that the EU Member States have shown in their support for renewables – which alone will not provide the energy that a carbon-neutral Europe needs to compete on the world stage, while keeping industry here.  Just as Member States have funded research, support mechanisms and even specific targets for renewables, now they need to be equally committed to CCS.

现在需要的是欧盟成员国在支持可再生能源方面表现出的对CCS的同样奉献精神 - 仅靠这一点不能提供碳中和欧洲在世界舞台上竞争所需的能源，同时保持工业在这里。正如成员国资助研究，支持机制甚至可再生能源的具体目标一样，现在他们需要同样致力于CCS。

This will require considerable catching up.  Previous funding programmes at the EU level have failed to help realise the potential of CCS. The next ones have to make sure that projects of scale can benefit too – probably with combined efforts and funding by national governments, EU institutions and industry.  Joint responsibility for impactful projects will see significant emission reductions today, while providing building blocks for tomorrow’s challenges.

这将需要相当大的追赶。欧盟以前的资助计划未能帮助实现CCS的潜力。接下来必须确保规模项目也能从中受益 - 可能需要国家政府，欧盟机构和行业的共同努力和资助。对有影响力的项目负有共同责任，今天将大幅减排，同时为明天的挑战提供基石。

As well as coal-to-gas shift in power generation, such commitment would put CCS on an equal footing with other CO2 abatement solutions. Governments, when developing their strategies towards 2050, need to bear in mind that making their vision a reality will rely on CCS.

除了发电中煤与天然气的转变之外，这种承诺将使CCS与其他二氧化碳减排解决方案处于平等地位。 各国政府在制定2050年的战略时，需要牢记使其愿景成为现实将依赖于CCS。

About François-Régis Mouton

关于François-RégisMouton

François-Régis is IOGP’s EU Affairs Director. Prior to joining the Association, he was Vice President for Oil & Gas Advocacy with Total. His career took him from reservoir engineering in Europe and Africa, to gas and power business development in the UK and Northern Europe, a senior advisory role in the World Bank’s Gas Flaring Reduction Partnership, and Total’s European Affairs activities in Brussels.

François-Régis是IOGP的欧盟事务总监。 在加入协会之前，他曾在道达尔担任石油和天然气倡导副总裁。 他的职业生涯使他从欧洲和非洲的油藏工程，到英国和北欧的天然气和电力业务发展，世界银行天然气燃烧减少伙伴关系的高级顾问角色以及道达尔在布鲁塞尔的欧洲事务活动。

1 IPCC (2014): Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland.

1 IPCC（2014）：2014年气候变化：综合报告。 第一，第二和第二工作组对政府间气候变化专门委员会第五次评估报告的贡献[核心写作小组，R.K。 Pachauri和L.A. Meyer（编辑）]。 IPCC，瑞士日内瓦。

2 IEA: World Energy Outlook 2017. CCS accounts for 9% of GHG savings needed to move from the IEA’s New Policies Scenario to the Sustainable Development Scenario

2 IEA：2017年世界能源展望.CCS占国际能源署新政策情景向可持续发展情景转变所需的温室气体节约的9％