本文转自PNAS（Proceedings of the National Academy if Sciences of the United States of America 美国国家科学院院刊）发表的一篇题为“
Near-term deployment of carbon capture and sequestration from biorefineries in the United States”的文章。作者：Daniel L. Sanchez, Nils Johnson, Sean T. McCoy, Peter A. Turner and Katharine J. Mach
刊号：PNAS April 23, 2018. 201719695; published ahead of print April 23, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1719695115
编辑：Edited by Donald J. DePaolo, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, and approved March 16, 2018 (received for review November 10, 2017)
研究意义：
Carbon dioxide removal through the permanent sequestration of biogenic CO2 is a critical technique for climate change mitigation, but most bioenergy with carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) technologies are technically immature or commercially unavailable. In contrast, examples of CCS of biogenic CO2 resulting from fermentation emissions already exist at scale. Here, we evaluate low-cost, commercially ready sequestration opportunities for existing biorefineries in the United States. We find that existing and proposed financial incentives suggest a substantial near-term opportunity to catalyze the growth of CCS infrastructure, improve the impacts of conventional biofuels, support development of carbon-negative biofuels, and satisfy low-carbon fuel policies.
摘要：
Capture and permanent geologic sequestration of biogenic CO2 emissions may provide critical flexibility in ambitious climate change mitigation. However, most bioenergy with carbon capture and sequestration (BECCS) technologies are technically immature or commercially unavailable. Here, we evaluate low-cost, commercially ready CO2 capture opportunities for existing ethanol biorefineries in the United States. The analysis combines process engineering, spatial optimization, and lifecycle assessment to consider the technical, economic, and institutional feasibility of near-term carbon capture and sequestration (CCS). Our modeling framework evaluates least cost source–sink relationships and aggregation opportunities for pipeline transport, which can cost-effectively transport small CO2 volumes to suitable sequestration sites; 216 existing US biorefineries emit 45 Mt CO2 annually from fermentation, of which 60% could be captured and compressed for pipeline transport for under $25/tCO2. A sequestration credit, analogous to existing CCS tax credits, of $60/tCO2 could incent 30 Mt of sequestration and 6,900 km of pipeline infrastructure across the United States. Similarly, a carbon abatement credit, analogous to existing tradeable CO2 credits, of $90/tCO2 can incent 38 Mt of abatement. Aggregation of CO2 sources enables cost-effective long-distance pipeline transport to distant sequestration sites. Financial incentives under the low-carbon fuel standard in California and recent revisions to existing federal tax credits suggest a substantial near-term opportunity to permanently sequester biogenic CO2. This financial opportunity could catalyze the growth of carbon capture, transport, and sequestration; improve the lifecycle impacts of conventional biofuels; support development of carbon-negative fuels; and help fulfill the mandates of low-carbon fuel policies across the United States.
结论：
The challenge as well as the importance of meeting gigatonne-scale CO2 removal envisioned in stringent climate change mitigation scenarios cannot be overstated. However, CCS integration at biorefineries could catalyze the growth of carbon capture, transport, and sequestration in the United States. Such deployments would build critical experience with carbon sequestration, project finance, and business models for CCS, which would be applicable worldwide. Finally, existing and proposed policies seem poised to make CCS integration cost-effective. Deploying CCS at existing biorefineries is an important step forward toward understanding the potential for large-scale BECCS.
全文链接：http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/04/18/1719695115
