本文转自《Public Policy Forum》发布的题为“Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage — The Time is Now”的报道。

日期：2020.07.21

原文链接：https://ppforum.ca/articles/carbon-capture-utilization-and-storage-the-time-is-now/

本文属于“未来能源论坛”模块。

This paper reflects a strong consensus within the Energy Future Forum that any achievable pathway to national climate and economic objectives must include a significant contribution from carbon capture technologies and from utilization and storage. In any post-COVID, “green stimulus” planning, support for CCUS expansion is even more pivotal than before.

本文反映了在能源未来论坛中的强烈共识，即任何通向国家气候和经济目标的可行途径都必须包括碳捕集、利用与封存技术的重大贡献。 在任何新冠病毒后的“绿色刺激计划”中，对CCUS扩展的支持都比以往更加关键。

The climate challenge for Canada is clear. We must find the keys to unlocking a future that couples climate action and economic growth. This means combining innovation with our comparative advantage as an energy-exporting nation while achieving or exceeding our climate targets. Canada has what it takes – the knowledge, the ingenuity and the commitment. All we need is the will and policy framework to act together. The time to do that is now. This paper addresses a key link in the value chain towards a clean energy future, one among a number of promising steps the Energy Future Forum will discuss in the coming months.

加拿大面临的气候挑战是显而易见的。 我们必须找到开启结合气候行动和经济增长的未来钥匙。这意味着将创新与我们作为能源输出国的比较优势相结合，同时达到或超过我们的气候目标。加拿大拥有所需要的知识，独创性和承诺。 我们需要的是共同行动的意愿和政策框架。现在是时候了。本文探讨了价值链中通往清洁能源未来的关键环节，这是能源未来论坛将在未来几个月中讨论的许多有希望的步骤之一。

1. 1. If Canada is going to meet its 2030 climate change objectives and establish a plan to achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2050, carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS), including direct air capture (DAC) and other developing technologies, will play an integral role.

2. 1.如果加拿大要实现其2030年气候变化目标并制定计划到2050年实现净零碳排放，那么碳捕集，利用和封存（CCUS），包括直接空气捕集（DAC）和其他发展中的技术， 起着不可或缺的作用。

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4. 2. CCUS technology has a proven 90% capture rate of the CO2 produced from the use of fossil fuels in electricity generation and industrial processes. The captured carbon is sequestered underground, either as part of enhanced oil recovery (EOR), or stored in geological formations. It can also be used to produce valuable products such as carbon fibre, and other low or emission-free fuels.

5. 2.经证明，CCUS技术在发电和工业过程中使用化石燃料产生的二氧化碳捕获率达到90％。 捕获的碳被隔离在地下，作为提高采油率（EOR）的一部分，或存储在地质构造中。 它也可以用于生产有价值的产品，例如碳纤维以及其他低排放或无排放的燃料。

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7. 3. Carbon capture deployment and redeployment does not relieve oil and gas companies of their need to innovate and reduce emissions. It represents one key component of a multi-faceted decarbonization approach that must include stepped-up energy efficiency programs; the expansion of clean power sources, next generation nuclear, grids and connections; greater use of renewable fuels; deployment of efficient nature-based carbon sinks; absolute reductions in high-carbon emitting production and consumption. Meeting Canada’s Paris targets requires that all members of society become part of the solution.

8. 3.碳捕集的部署和重新部署并不能减轻石油和天然气公司创新和减少排放的需要。它代表了多方面脱碳方法的一个关键组成部分，必须包括逐步提高的能效计划。扩大清洁能源，下一代核电，电网和连接；大量使用可再生燃料；部署有效的基于自然的碳汇；绝对减少高碳排放量的生产和消费。要达到加拿大的巴黎目标，就要求社会所有成员成为解决方案的一部分。

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10. 4. Canada took a relatively early position in carbon capture, utilization and storage, developing operational expertise and intellectual property. One of the biggest challenges is the cost of carbon capture, which varies widely based on application. For example, it can range from US$21.50 a tonne for natural gas facilities, to a high of $124 a tonne for cement production. [i] However, as with most emerging technologies, costs can be expected to fall over time to become a commercially viable part of a sustainable oil and gas industry, particularly in the context of a price on carbon and stable credit markets to finance the significant capital costs. It also generates significant exportable opportunities for technologies, services and products.

11. 4.加拿大在碳捕集利用与储存，发展业务专门知识和知识产权方面处于相对较早的位置。最大的挑战之一是碳捕集的成本，碳捕集的成本因应用而异。例如，天然气设施的价格范围从每吨21.50美元到水泥生产的最高价格每吨124美元。[i] 但是，与大多数新兴技术一样，成本有望随着时间的流逝而下降，从而成为可持续石油和天然气行业的商业可行部分，尤其是在碳价和稳定信贷市场为重大石油融资的背景下。它还为技术，服务和产品带来了重要的出口机会。

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13. 5. CCUS has application to a number of heavy-emitting industries beyond oil and gas, including power generation and concrete, steel and fertilizer production. Incentives should be tied to carbon mitigation not to specific industries, with a mind to generating jobs and competitive advantage out of societal goods.

14. 5. CCUS已应用于除石油和天然气之外的许多重排放行业，包括发电，混凝土，钢铁和化肥生产。激励措施应与减少碳排放挂钩，而不应与特定行业挂钩，以期从社会商品中创造就业机会和竞争优势。

This document reflects a strong consensus within the Energy Future Forum that any achievable pathway to national climate and economic objectives will include a contribution from carbon capture technologies and from utilization and storage. In any post-COVID, “green stimulus” planning, support for CCUS expansion is even more pivotal than before. As a resource and energy-producing nation committed to emissions reductions goals, Canada’s economic future hinges on these natural assets being part of a low (and eventually net zero) emissions, clean energy strategy. For Canada to lead in CCUS, an industry-civil society-government collaboration will be needed to spur innovation and make investments competitive with those available in the United States and elsewhere. Canada must level the playing field when it comes to such measures as the American 45Q tax credit and use these along with stackable federal and provincial tax credits, carbon pricing and other measures in place or under discussion, such as the draft Canadian Clean Fuel Standard, which can be used to drive market expansion of CCUS policies while reducing carbon intensities. Attention is also required to ensure Canadian industries incorporating CCUS can compete with jurisdictions having lower carbon-reduction standards.

该文件反映了“能源未来论坛”内部的强烈共识，即任何通向国家气候和经济目标的可行途径都将包括CCUS技术的贡献。在任何新冠病毒后的“绿色刺激计划”中，对CCUS扩展的支持都比以往更加关键。作为致力于实现减排目标的资源和能源生产大国，加拿大的经济未来取决于这些自然资产是否属于低排放（最终为净零排放）清洁能源战略的一部分。为了使加拿大在CCUS中发挥领导作用，需要与行业，公民社会和政府开展合作，以刺激创新并使其投资与美国和其他地方的投资具有竞争力。对于美国45Q税收抵免等措施，加拿大必须公平竞争，并将其与可堆叠的联邦和省税收抵免，碳定价以及其他已制定或正在讨论的措施（例如《加拿大清洁燃料标准》草案，可以用来推动CCUS政策的市场扩展，同时降低碳强度。还需要注意确保纳入CCUS的加拿大行业可以与降低碳排放标准较低的司法管辖区竞争。

The International Energy Agency forecasts that nine per cent of global emissions reductions by 2050 will come through CCUS. In a May 2020 interview with Bloomberg, IEA executive director Faith Birol called on Canada to step forward in applying CCUS. “I expect Canada to be a leader in carbon capture and storage … CCS could bring a good marriage between oil and gas and reaching our climate targets,” Birol said.[ii]

国际能源机构预测，到2050年，全球减排量的9％将来自CCUS。在2020年5月对彭博社的采访中，IEA执行董事Faith Birol呼吁加拿大进一步应用CCUS。 “我期望加拿大在碳捕获和储存方面处于领导地位……CCS可以使石油和天然气之间的良性结合并达到我们的气候目标，” Birol说。[ii]

Carbon capture provides Canada with an opportunity to improve its reputation as a clean oil and gas producer, and take a leadership role in an important aspect of the global climate change effort. It does that in two ways. First, carbon capture helps Canada establish a clean energy brand on the road to our 2030 and 2050 climate objectives. Second, with Canadian companies at the leading edge of carbon capture, utilization and storage technology, it opens the door for Canada to help global climate efforts and strengthen our economy as an exporter of carbon capture technology and knowledge, as well as carbon-competitive resources today, and eventually hydrogen-based energy and carbon-based products. A clear example of the market potential is China, which depends heavily on coal-generated power. According to the Global CCS Institute, China has 18 carbon capture projects in various stages, from early planning through to demonstration projects, to full operation. China is also investing heavily in the development and operation of new coal power plants in other countries, including 23 in neighbouring Vietnam.[iii]

碳捕集为加拿大提供了一个机会，以提高其作为清洁石油和天然气生产国的声誉，并在全球气候变化工作的重要方面发挥领导作用。它以两种方式做到这一点。首先，碳捕集有助于加拿大在实现2030和2050年气候目标的道路上建立清洁能源品牌。其次，加拿大公司处于碳捕集，利用与封存技术的领先地位，这为加拿大开启了大门，可以帮助全球应对气候变化，并作为碳捕集技术和知识以及具有竞争性碳资源的出口国来加强我们的经济。今天，最终是氢基能源和碳基产品。市场潜力的一个明显例子是中国，中国严重依赖煤电。根据全球碳捕集与封存研究院的数据，中国有18个碳捕集项目处于各个阶段，从早期计划到示范项目，再到全面运行。中国还在其他国家（包括邻国越南的23个）中的新燃煤电厂的开发和运营方面进行了大量投资。[iii]

CCUS brings together a value chain consisting of the three separate streams of capture, utilization and storage. When integrated, they are at their most useful in achieving much-needed CO2 reductions, and delivering greater economic value-add from our resources and related technologies. In recent years, Canada became recognized as an early mover in the development and application of carbon capture utilization and storage, in part because of the willingness of the federal, Alberta and Saskatchewan governments to shoulder some of the costs as part of addressing the need to reduce CO2 emissions. For example, in Alberta, the government committed $1.24 billion for two projects through 2025. Unfortunately, that early mover advantage has been diminished as Canada pulled back largely because of cost, while other countries, particularly the U.S., began to provide significant incentives for carbon capture technology. As an oil-producing nation and a signatory to the Paris Agreement, Canada has a golden opportunity to reassert a leadership role.

CCUS汇集了一条价值链，包括捕集，利用和存储三个独立的流。整合后，它们将在实现急需的二氧化碳减排以及利用我们的资源和相关技术带来更大的经济增值方面发挥最大作用。近年来，加拿大被公认为是碳捕集利用和封存技术开发和应用的先行者，部分原因是联邦，艾伯塔省和萨斯喀彻温省政府愿意承担部分成本，以解决碳捕集与封存的需求，减少二氧化碳排放量。例如，在艾伯塔省，政府承诺在2025年前为两个项目投入12.4亿加元。不幸的是，由于加拿大主要是由于成本而撤退，因此早期推动者的优势已经减弱，而其他国家（尤其是美国）开始为碳减排提供重要的激励措施。捕获技术。作为产油大国和《巴黎协定》的签署国，加拿大拥有重新确立领导角色的绝好机会。

Carbon Capture Leadership

碳捕集领导力

Three major post-combustion carbon capture projects are already operating in Western Canada. The world’s first commercial scale post-combustion carbon capture facility opened in 2014 at SaskPower’s Boundary Dam thermal unit. It has a carbon capture capacity of almost one million tonnes a year. A second is the Shell Quest plant at its heavy oil upgrader in Alberta, which received $120 million from the federal government and $745 million from the Alberta government and is capturing more than one million tonnes a year of carbon. The third is the Alberta Carbon Trunk Line (ACTL) project, which began full operations in May. It provides the backbone for transmission of CO2 captured from the North West Redwater Sturgeon Refinery, a fertilizer plant and other industrial sources near Edmonton to an oil processing and gas compression facility, which injects it into depleted oil fields deep underground. The ACTL has the capacity to transport 14.6 million tonnes of carbon a year. As well, at its Horizon project, Canadian Natural Resources Limited’s (CNRL) recovery plant is capturing 438,000 tonnes of CO2 annually. Each of these projects proves CCUS technology is available and commercially viable with the right incentives.

加拿大西部已经开展了三个主要的燃烧后碳捕集项目。全球首个商业规模的燃烧后碳捕集设施于2014年在SaskPower的边界大坝热力单元开业。它的碳捕集能力为每年近一百万吨。第二个是Shell Quest工厂，在其位于艾伯塔省的重油升级厂，该工厂从联邦政府获得了1.2亿加元，从艾伯塔省政府获得了7.45亿加元，每年可吸收超过100万吨的碳。第三个是艾伯塔省的碳干线项目（ACTL），该项目于5月开始全面运营。它为将西北红水鲟鱼精炼厂、化肥厂和埃德蒙顿附近的其他工业资源所捕获的二氧化碳输送到石油加工和气体压缩设施提供了基础，并将其注入到地下深层的贫乏油田。 ACTL有能力每年运输1460万吨碳。同样，在Horizon项目中，加拿大自然资源有限公司（CNRL）的回收工厂每年捕获的二氧化碳为43.8万吨。这些项目中的每一个都证明CCUS技术是可用的，并且在适当的激励下在商业上可行。

CCUS in the oil and gas sector already has several success stories. Given damaged corporate balance sheets and resulting reductions in capital expenditures, industry will be hard-pressed to continue to build the necessary momentum on its own. If Canadian petroleum producers are to be part of the emission solution – as they must, government is going to have to provide some lift, as it did with orphan wells and methane reduction. Such government-industry partnerships in support of CCUS’s role in a cleaner energy future already occur in the United States and Norway. For Canada, they provide an integral component for a low-carbon exporting nation in transition.

石油和天然气领域的CCUS已经有多个成功案例。 鉴于公司资产负债表受损，以及由此导致的资本支出减少，行业将很难继续自己建立必要的势头。 如果加拿大石油生产商要成为排放解决方案的一部分（必须这样做），则政府将不得不像孤井和减少甲烷一样提供一定的动力。 这种支持CCUS在更清洁能源未来中作用的政府与行业伙伴关系已经在美国和挪威成立。 对于加拿大而言，它们为转型中的低碳出口国提供了不可或缺的组成部分。

Moreover, innovative Canadian companies are showing themselves to be competitive on a global level. Carbon Engineering, based in Squamish, B.C., has attracted worldwide attention for its breakthrough research and development work in direct air carbon capture. Direct air capture (DAC) technology uses a chemical scrubbing process to remove CO2 directly from the air. The objective is to reduce “legacy” emissions – an estimated 750 billion tonnes of CO2 that have been emitted into the atmosphere over hundreds of years. As such, DAC can be pivotal as a way of reducing global CO2 emissions from dispersed emissions sources that are otherwise hard to capture.

此外，加拿大的创新公司正在展示自己在全球范围内的竞争力。 总部位于不列颠哥伦比亚省Squamish的Carbon Engineering以其在直接空气碳捕集方面的突破性研发工作而吸引了全世界的关注。 直接空气捕获（DAC）技术使用化学洗涤过程直接从空气中去除CO2。 目的是减少“传统”排放-数百年来，估计已向大气排放7500亿吨二氧化碳。 因此，DAC可以作为减少分散的排放源（否则很难捕获）的全球CO2排放的关键方法。

As major energy companies step forward and commit to carbon neutrality or zero emissions, direct air capture is gaining acceptance. Shell Canada, Total, and BP Canada’s new targets bind the companies to net zero emissions across its operations by 2050, and include a portion of so-called Scope 3 end-use of its fuels.[iv] Occidental Petroleum Corporation has invested in Carbon Engineering technology to put in place the world’s first large-scale direct air capture plant paired with sequestration in the Permian Basin.[v] British Columbia-based Svante Inc. is another leader in the field. It describes its work as allowing companies to play offense in the fight against climate change. Svante has joined with Husky Energy in an enhanced oil recovery (EOR) project in Saskatchewan and has partnered with others such as Chevron Corporation and Mitsui & Co. (Canada) Ltd. and Total in applying its carbon capture technology on a range of industrial applications.[vi]

随着主要的能源公司向前迈进，并致力于实现碳中和或零排放，直接空气捕集技术正逐渐被接受。 壳牌加拿大公司，道达尔公司和加拿大石油公司BP的新目标是到2050年使公司在整个运营过程中实现净零排放，并包括其燃料的所谓范围3最终用途的一部分。[iv] 西方石油公司已投资了Carbon 工程技术将在二叠纪盆地建立世界上第一个大规模的直接空气捕获工厂，并与固存相结合。[v] 不列颠哥伦比亚省的Svante Inc.是该领域的另一位领导者。 它将其工作描述为允许公司在应对气候变化中发挥作用。 斯万特（Svante）与赫斯基能源（Husky Energy）一起在萨斯喀彻温省进行了强化采油（EOR）项目，并与雪佛龙公司（Chevron Corporation）和三井物产（加拿大）有限公司以及道达尔（Total）等公司合作，将其碳捕集技术应用于一系列工业应用中 。[vi]

Carbon Utilization and Storage Leadership

碳利用与封存领导力

In terms of carbon utilization, another Canadian company, CarbonCure Technologies of Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, enables concrete producers to re-utilize CO2 right into their products. The use of carbon is a critical asset, as it has significant commercialization potential in the creation of marketable products such as building materials, chemicals and other fuels. Suncor Energy and Mitsui recently joined forces with a U.S. biotech and carbon recycling company in a pilot project to make sustainable aviation fuel. As well, Canada’s Oil Sands Innovation Alliance (COSIA) has put in place a US$20 million Carbon XPRIZE in order to challenge companies to accelerate the development of technologies that convert CO2 into valuable products.[vii]

在碳利用方面，另一家加拿大公司，新斯科舍省达特茅斯的CarbonCure Technologies，使混凝土生产商可以将二氧化碳直接用于其产品中。 碳的使用是至关重要的资产，因为它在创造可销售产品（如建筑材料，化学药品和其他燃料）方面具有巨大的商业化潜力。 Suncor Energy和Mitsui最近与一家美国生物技术和碳回收公司合作，进行了一项试点项目，以制造可持续的航空燃料。 另外，加拿大的油砂创新联盟（COSIA）设立了2000万美元的Carbon XPRIZE，以挑战公司加速将二氧化碳转化为有价值产品的技术的开发。[vii]

Clearly, Canada has what it takes to be a world leader by advancing export competitiveness and emissions reduction in all parts of the CCUS value chain, bringing environmental and economic goals in harmony with one another. Unfortunately, a lot of this expertise is being deployed outside of Canada.

显然，加拿大通过在CCUS价值链的各个方面提高出口竞争力和减少排放，使环境和经济目标彼此协调，成为世界领导者。不幸的是，许多这种专业知识正在加拿大境外部署。

Carbon capture is also a critical building block to a future where hydrocarbons are separated into emissions-free hydrogen energy and carbon-based products. Hydrogen generation can be coupled with carbon capture to enable hydrogen supply for fuel cell-based transportation, and even used in the hydrogenation of vegetable oils. Moreover, as the International Energy Agency notes, when used with biofuel production CCUS can help the effort to achieve negative CO2 emissions.[viii] The very carbon density that makes Canada’s bitumen reserves problematic today renders them ideal for advanced manufacturing and materials processes that have the potential to create billions of dollars in additional economic activity. A prime example of the potential of “bitumen beyond combustion” opportunities can be found in carbon fibre, a strong, lightweight material increasingly important for producing lighter vehicles (including electric vehicles) and building materials that store rather than emit carbon in their fabrication.[ix] There is also a critical link between carbon capture and storage and the growth of renewable energy. Recent progress in both the CCS and energy storage fields reveals that technologies such as calcium looping are technically viable and promising options in both cases.[x]

碳捕集也是未来将碳氢化合物分离为无排放的氢能和碳基产品的关键组成部分。氢气的产生可以与碳的捕获相结合，从而能够为基于燃料电池的运输提供氢气，甚至用于植物油的氢化。此外，正如国际能源机构指出的那样，当CCUS与生物燃料生产一起使用时，可以帮助实现负二氧化碳排放的努力。创造数十亿美元额外经济活动的潜力。碳纤维是“超越燃烧沥青”的潜在机会的一个典型例子。碳纤维是一种坚固，轻巧的材料，对于生产轻型汽车（包括电动汽车）和在制造过程中存储而不排放碳的建筑材料越来越重要。[ ix]碳捕获和储存与可再生能源的增长之间也存在着关键的联系。 CCS和能量存储领域的最新进展表明，在两种情况下，钙环化等技术在技术上都是可行的且有希望的选择。[x]

All the factors exist to build a globally competitive cluster, enabling Canada to be an international leader in carbon capture, utilization and storage – doing good for the world and doing well for the Canadian economy and jobs. Our nation is home to world-class energy companies with sophisticated engineering and project management capabilities, internationally recognized expertise in carbon capture utilization and storage, and treaty commitments to achieve aggressive emissions reduction goals. Also, Canada has massive CO2 storage capacity, with geological formations that are considered ideal for long-term storage of carbon not used to produce new value-added products.

建立全球竞争性集群的所有因素都存在，使加拿大能够成为碳捕集，利用与封存领域的国际领导者-对世界有利，对加拿大经济和就业也有利。 我们的国家拥有世界一流的能源公司，这些公司具有先进的工程和项目管理能力，国际公认的碳捕集利用和封存专业知识以及达成积极减排目标的条约承诺。 另外，加拿大拥有巨大的二氧化碳储存能力，其地质构造被认为是长期储存不用于生产新增值产品的碳的理想选择。

那是什么使我们退缩呢？ 缺少的要素是一个支持性和竞争性的政策框架，它可以帮助释放导致商业可行性的投资。 碳捕集是资本密集型活动，迄今为止存在于“一次性”项目环境中。 我们需要采取激励措施来吸引私人资本投资，以便碳捕集得到认可并被视为一种全系统的减排方法。 有一些国家的例子可以效仿。

One is the United States. Despite the current administration’s notice of withdrawal from the Paris Agreement, the U.S. uses both market mechanisms and tax policy to drive carbon capture and storage outcomes. In addition to low-carbon-fuel standards in some key states, which creates a market demand for low emission sources of fuel, the U.S. has a federal tax credit for both carbon capture and storage and direct air capture. The 45Q tax credit applies to captured carbon that is either geologically sequestered or used as part of enhanced oil recovery. The credit has attracted support from both Republicans who back the fossil fuel industry and environmentally-minded Democrats. The U.S. Department of Energy also offers a loan guarantee program for novel projects, and, coupled with the 45Q credit and state measures, private sector financing is now flowing into carbon capture and storage projects. The stacking of federal and state tax measures has created a powerful incentive for investment. There are currently 10 carbon capture and storage facilities in the U.S., with an annual total carbon capture capacity of 25 million tonnes. Congress is also considering an extension of the tax credit.[xi]

一是美国。尽管现任政府已宣布退出《巴黎协定》，但美国仍使用市场机制和税收政策来推动碳捕集与封存成果。除了某些主要州的低碳燃料标准（这导致对低排放燃料的市场需求）外，美国在碳捕集与封存以及直接空气捕集方面都有联邦税收抵免。 45Q税收抵免适用于地质封存或用作提高采油率一部分的捕获碳。这种信誉吸引了支持化石燃料行业的共和党人和具有环保意识的民主党人的支持。美国能源部还为新颖的项目提供了贷款担保计划，并且与45Q信贷和州措施相结合，私营部门的融资现在正流入碳捕集与封存项目。联邦和州税收措施的叠加为投资创造了强大的动力。美国目前有10个碳捕集与封存设施，年总碳捕集能力为2500万吨。国会也正在考虑延长税收抵免额。[xi]

Another example is Norway. In 2018, the Norwegian government initiated a full-scale carbon capture and storage (CCS) initiative as part of its two-part strategy to be recognized as a producer and exporter of clean oil and gas while addressing climate change. Norway has three CCS projects operating in offshore oil platforms, the only offshore CCS facilities in Europe. The CCS projects are funded through CLIMIT, a national program in support of CCS research, development and application.

另一个例子是挪威。挪威政府于2018年发起了一项全面的碳捕集与封存（CCS）计划，作为其两部分战略的一部分，该战略被公认为是清洁石油和天然气的生产商和出口商，同时解决了气候变化问题。挪威有三个在海上石油平台上作业的CCS项目，这是欧洲唯一的海上CCS设施。 CCS项目由CLIMIT资助，CLIMIT是一项支持CCS研究，开发和应用的国家计划。

Canada has an opportunity to step up as an innovator and an exporter of expertise on the way to reducing its GHG emissions. In 2008, the Canada-Alberta Carbon Capture and Storage Task Force proposed a joint policy framework that was never implemented. It’s time for a similar collaborative federal-provincial initiative. Since 2011, Canada has also been part of the 26-nation Clean Energy Ministerial that promotes clean energy technology and supports CCUS. At its 2018 meeting in Copenhagen, the global ministerial group committed to “enhancing deployment of carbon capture, utilization and storage solutions.” It’s time for Canada to put those words into action. With the right kind of policy commitment, Canada can claim an international leadership position as part of an effort to become one of the world’s cleanest producers and exporters of oil and gas, and a partner in helping address global emissions beyond our borders through the export of CCUS and DAC technology and clean energy. Carbon capture provides an indispensable part of such a low-carbon future.

加拿大有机会成为减少温室气体排放的创新者和专业出口商。 2008年，加拿大-艾伯塔省碳捕集与封存工作队提出了一个从未实施过的联合政策框架。现在该采取类似的联邦与省级合作计划了。自2011年以来，加拿大还加入了由26个国家组成的清洁能源部长级会议，该部长致力于推广清洁能源技术并支持CCUS。全球部长级小组在哥本哈根举行的2018年会议上承诺“加强碳捕集，利用和封存解决方案的部署”。现在是加拿大将这些话付诸行动的时候了。有了正确的政策承诺，加拿大就可以成为国际上最清洁的石油和天然气生产国和出口国之一，并成为通过出口墨西哥来解决全球边界问题的合作伙伴，从而成为国际领导者。 CCUS和DAC技术以及清洁能源。碳捕集是这种低碳未来不可或缺的一部分。

To proceed requires:

要继续进行，需要：

• 1. Clear signals from the federal and provincial governments that carbon capture and direct air carbon capture, utilization and storage are integral components of our climate change policy framework and a low-carbon export strategy;

• 1.来自联邦和省政府的明确信号，即碳捕集和直接空气中的碳捕集，利用与储存是我们气候变化政策框架和低碳出口战略不可或缺的组成部分；

• 
  

• 2. Federal tax policy in the next budget that combined with climate change policies meets or exceeds the U.S. measures such as 45Q and as a result, will attract private sector investment in both carbon capture and direct air capture, utilization and storage. Currently, we are not incenting Canadian companies with the know-how to invest here. As a result, they go abroad to find opportunities, and in the process fail to optimize our emissions reductions;

• 2.在下一个预算中，联邦税收政策与气候变化政策相结合，将达到或超过美国的第45季度措施，因此，将吸引私营部门在碳捕集以及直接空气捕集，利用和存储方面的投资。目前，我们不会通过在这里投资的专有技术来激励加拿大公司。结果，他们到国外去寻找机会，并且在此过程中未能优化我们的减排量；

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• 3. Federal and provincial governments working together to establish stackable tax credits and the creation of a CCUS fund that will help leverage private sector investment into the three streams of carbon capture;

• 3.联邦和省级政府共同努力，建立可累积的税收抵免，并建立CCUS基金，这将有助于将私营部门的投资用于碳捕集的三大流；

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• 4. Canada Infrastructure Bank standards that reward carbon reduction strategies, including carbon capture and storage, in the allocation of capital;

• 4.加拿大基础设施银行标准，该标准奖励资本配置中的碳减排战略，包括碳捕集与封存；

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• 5. Federal and provincial governments working together to build on existing expertise to implement a strong regulatory framework to minimize the risk of leaks, monitor movement of the carbon dioxide (CO2) and address outstanding issues such as the ownership of pore space and long-term liability of carbon storage;

• 5.联邦政府和省政府共同努力，利用现有专业知识，实施强有力的监管框架，以最大程度地降低泄漏风险，监测二氧化碳（CO2）的流动并解决未决问题，例如孔隙空间的所有权和长期性碳储存的责任；

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• 6. Creation of financing vehicles, such as “green” transition bonds, public-private partnerships and equity investments by the federal and provincial governments, and the Canadian Infrastructure Bank, to help attract private investment into the CCUS sector.

• 6.由联邦和省政府以及加拿大基础设施银行创建融资工具，例如“绿色”过渡债券，公私伙伴关系和股权投资，以帮助吸引私人投资进入CCUS领域。

• 
  

The Energy Future Forum urges the federal government, as part of its Paris undertakings, to build on its carbon pricing policies and take the lead in working with carbon-intensive industries and provincial governments in putting this agenda into action. Levelling the playing field through a 45Q tax credit equivalent is a good place to start both in furthering climate targets and a low-carbon export economy.

能源未来论坛（Energy Future Forum）敦促联邦政府作为其巴黎承诺的一部分，以其碳定价政策为基础，并率先与碳密集型产业和省政府合作，将这一议程付诸行动。 通过提高45Q税收抵免等值水平来公平竞争是一个既开始推进气候目标又实现低碳出口经济的好地方。

This position paper on carbon capture utilization and storage comes from the Energy Future Forum, a pan-Canadian grouping of organizations and individuals in business and government, along with academic, environmental and Indigenous organizations, working to address climate action and our energy future around one table. The foundational partners – RBC, Suncor Energy, Hydro-Quebec and the Ivey Foundation, together with PPF – are determined to see this collaborative effort map out an ambitious set of actions that are environmentally sound, economically beneficial and publicly acceptable.

有关碳捕集利用和封存的立场文件来自能源未来论坛，该论坛是由加拿大企业和政府组织和个人组成的泛组织，以及学术，环境和土著组织，致力于解决气候行动和我们未来的能源未来表。 RBC，Suncor Energy，魁北克水电和Ivey基金会等基础合作伙伴以及PPF决心看到这项合作计划制定了一系列雄心勃勃的行动，这些行动对环境无害，在经济上有利并为公众所接受。

The mission of the Energy Future Forum is “to develop practical measures that help Canada meet or exceed our 2030 emissions targets on the way to a net zero future, and that strengthen an innovative economy, deepen shared prosperity and enhance national unity.”

能源未来论坛的任务是“制定切实可行的措施，帮助加拿大达到或超过我们的2030年排放目标，从而实现零净净未来，并加强创新型经济，加深共同繁荣和增进民族团结。”

The following members have endorsed this position paper.  An endorsement represents a supportive position given by an EFF member to the policy position(s) presented in this CCUS paper.

以下成员已批准此立场文件。认可表示EFF成员对本CCUS文件中提出的政策立场的支持立场。

Footnotes 批注：

[i] Global CCS Institute (2017). Global Costs of Carbon Capture and Storage. https://www.globalccsinstitute.com/archive/hub/publications/201688/global-ccs-cost-updatev4.pdf

[ii] International Energy Agency. (2020). IEA Chief Says Canada Is Right to Put a Cap on Oil-Sands Emissions. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nc7DOsuP-Kg

[iii] NPR (2019). Why Is China Placing A Global Bet On Coal? https://www.npr.org/2019/04/29/716347646/why-is-china-placing-a-global-bet-on-coal#:~:text=China%20is%20involved%20in%2015,Green%20Innovation%20and%20Development%20Centre.

[iv] Upstream. (2020). BP says low carbon push means fewer exploration bucks. https://www.upstreamonline.com/environment/bp-says-low-carbon-push-means-fewer-exploration-bucks/2-1-755977

[v] Quartz. (2020) The Story Behind the World’s First Large Direct Air Capture Plant. https://qz.com/1638096/the-story-behind-the-worlds-first-large-direct-air-capture-plant/

[vi] Svante Inc. (2017). $10M Equity Investment with Husky Energy as Lead Investor. http://svanteinc.com/svante-closes-cad10m-equity-investment-with-husky-energy-as-lead-investor/

[vii] NRG COSIA Carbon XPRIZE (2020). CO2 A New Perspective. https://carbon-xprize.cosia.ca/

[viii] International Energy Agency (2018). Implementation of bio-CCS in Biofuels Production, Bioenergy Task 33 Special Report.

[ix] Mark Little and Laura Kilcrease (2020). “Canada’s Oil Sands Are Best Positioned to Lead the Energy Transformation,” Corporate Knights. https://www.corporateknights.com/channels/energy/canada-oil-sands-lead-energy-transformation-15909912/

[x] Dawid P. Hanak and Vasilije Manovic (2019). “Linking Renewables and Fossil Fuels with Carbon Capture via Energy Storage for a Sustainable Energy Future,” Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 14, no. 3: pp. 453-459.

[xi] Bloomberg BNA News (February 7, 2020). House GOP Eyes Multi-Year Carbon Capture Credit in Climate Plan. https://news.bloomberglaw.com/environment-and-energy/house-gop-eyes-multi-year-carbon-capture-credit-in-climate-plan.